Botany & Plants
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This Elizabethan barber-surgeon's 1597 "Herball" became one of the most influential plant reference books in English.
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This 19th-century British orchid expert wrote the 1838 report that helped save Kew Gardens from closure.
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Sometimes called the "father of modern physiology," this Swiss scientist also wrote a major flora of Switzerland.
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This German physician collected thousands of Japanese plant specimens; several species today still bear his name.
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This 16th-century botanist helped turn plant study into a modern science in the Low Countries.
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All 95 questions in this topic, with answers — use it to study, or just browse. Every actual play of the puzzle only pulls a random handful of these into one game, so knowing them all here won't spoil which ones show up or where they're hidden in the grid. Play it here.
This contemporary botanist and Potawatomi writer explores plant wisdom in her book "Braiding Sweetgrass."
KIMMERERThis American limnologist developed methods for using algae to judge the health of freshwater streams.
PATRICKThis American horticulturist co-founded a leading society for horticultural science.
BAILEYThis British botanist used a camera-free photographic process to illustrate a book of British algae in 1843.
ATKINSThis American conservationist's writings on Yosemite helped inspire the US national park system.
MUIR_ _ _ _ _ _ Pitton de Tournefort introduced the concept of "genus" into plant classification.
JOSEPH_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Haberlandt was the first scientist to attempt growing isolated plant cells in a laboratory culture.
GOTTLIEBThis Austrian botanist, one of Mendel's independent rediscoverers, also bred disease-resistant crop plants.
TSCHERMAKThis British botanist's plant-collecting expeditions to the Himalayas helped found the field of geographical botany.
HOOKERThis German-French poet also worked as a naturalist, describing new species collected on his round-the-world voyage.
CHAMISSOFrench botanist Antoine Laurent de _ _ _ _ _ _ _ devised the first natural classification of flowering plants.
JUSSIEUThis French naturalist proposed classifying plants by weighing many traits at once, rather than just one or two.
ADANSONThis American ecologist pioneered the study of how plant communities change and succeed one another over time.
CLEMENTSThis American botanist explored the swamps and rivers of colonial Florida, documenting its subtropical plant life.
BARTRAMThis German botanist is considered a founder of experimental plant physiology.
SACHSThis German botanist spent years travelling and documenting the vast plant life of Brazil.
MARTIUSThis German botanist devised an influential system for classifying plants that shaped herbaria for decades.
ENGLERThis Swiss naturalist's wide-ranging encyclopedic works helped pioneer the practice of scientific bibliography.
GESSNERGerman botanist Heinrich Anton de _ _ _ _ helped found the modern study of fungi.
BARYThis Spanish-born scientist led a decades-long botanical survey of the plants of colonial New Granada.
MUTISThis French colonial administrator smuggled spice plants like nutmeg and cloves out of Dutch-controlled islands.
POIVREThis German natural philosopher proposed early, speculative ideas about how living things should be classified.
OKENWorking for the Dutch East India Company, this botanist wrote a landmark survey of the plants of Ambon.
RUMPHIUSThis 17th-century English scientist's detailed studies of plant tissue earned him the title "father of plant anatomy."
GREWThis British designer's romantic planting schemes shaped more than 400 gardens in Britain, Europe and the US.
JEKYLLGerman-Australian botanist Ferdinand von _ _ _ _ _ _ _ founded Victoria's National Herbarium in Australia.
MUELLERBefore her work in reproductive health, this British scientist studied ancient plant fossils and coal formation.
STOPESThis British explorer and colonial administrator also collected and catalogued plants across East Africa.
JOHNSTONThis American plant explorer introduced roughly 200,000 exotic species to the United States.
FAIRCHILDThis Scottish plant hunter has a towering West Coast conifer named in his honor.
DOUGLASDisguised as a man, this Frenchwoman became the first woman known to circle the globe while collecting plants.
BARETFor decades, this Harvard botanist was America's leading authority on the nation's native plants.
GRAYThis 16th-century Italian physician proposed classifying plants by fruit and seed structure, not folklore.
CESALPINOThis Dutch physician transformed medical education and lends his name to a well-known plant genus.
BOERHAAVEThis Swedish botanist created the first major system for classifying fungi.
FRIESThis American plant scientist studied plant hormones and later became a prominent voice in bioethics.
GALSTONThis Scottish plant hunter smuggled tea plants out of China and introduced around 250 ornamental plants to the West.
FORTUNEThis Swiss botanist's early two-part naming scheme anticipated the system Linnaeus would later formalize.
BAUHINThis Mexican-American botanist collected nearly 150,000 plant specimens across the Americas.
MEXIAFrench pharmacist Antoine-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Parmentier championed the potato as a famine-fighting food.
AUGUSTINThis Russian scientist's 1892 experiments on tobacco plants provided the first evidence of viruses.
IVANOVSKYThis German-American botanist wrote a landmark textbook on plant anatomy still used by students today.
ESAUThis American botanist applied Darwinian evolutionary theory rigorously to the study of plants.
STEBBINSThis Scottish garden designer and writer is credited with popularizing the word "arboretum."
LOUDONAs chief gardener of Chelsea Physic Garden, this Englishman wrote an influential 18th-century gardening dictionary.
MILLERNicknamed the "Linnaeus of the Austrian Empire," this Italian physician catalogued the flora of Carniola, now Slovenia.
SCOPOLIThis 18th-century Swedish noblewoman discovered how to make flour and spirits from potatoes.
EKEBLAD_ _ _ Ingenhousz showed that plants release oxygen in sunlight, advancing the understanding of photosynthesis.
JANThis Swiss botanist's cell-division research shaped early heredity theory, though he dismissed Mendel's work.
NAGELIThis British naturalist sailed with Captain Cook and later became the first unofficial director of Kew Gardens.
BANKSThis British broadcaster and botanist became a familiar TV voice for conservation and environmental education.
BELLAMYThis Russian scientist traveled the world tracing the geographic origins of humanity's cultivated crops.
VAVILOVThis Indian cytogeneticist helped develop a hardier, sweeter sugarcane variety suited to India's climate.
AMMAL_ _ _ _ _ _ _ Jackson Hooker greatly expanded Kew's Royal Botanic Gardens before his son Joseph took over as director.
WILLIAMSwedish botanist Carl _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ formalized the two-part naming system biologists still use today.
LINNAEUSSwiss botanist Augustin Pyramus de _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ built an early comprehensive system for classifying plants.
CANDOLLE_ _ _ _ _ _ Strasburger was among the first scientists to observe and describe mitosis in plant cells.
EDUARDThis British-born naturalist roamed early 19th-century North America, discovering numerous native plant species.
NUTTALLThis German-born naturalist catalogued the plants, animals, and geology of the Russian Empire for Catherine the Great.
PALLASThis German naturalist, sailing on a Russian expedition, described several North Pacific species new to science.
STELLERThis Indian scientist's study of fossil plants led him to found a research institute bearing his name in Lucknow.
SAHNIBefore proposing his theory of inherited traits, this Frenchman published an influential guide to the flora of France.
LAMARCKThis 17th-century English naturalist laid key groundwork for the modern classification of plants and animals.
RAYThis British physician discovered that extracts of a common garden flower could treat a heart condition called dropsy.
WITHERINGThis Danish botanist's studies of how plants adapt to their surroundings helped pioneer the science of ecology.
WARMINGThis English clergyman-botanist mentored a young Charles Darwin and helped arrange his voyage on the Beagle.
HENSLOWThis American ecologist proposed dividing all living things into five kingdoms.
WHITTAKERNicknamed the "Raphael of flowers," this Belgian artist produced over 2,100 detailed botanical illustrations.
REDOUTEBeyond his theory of evolution, this naturalist wrote whole books on orchid pollination and how plants climb.
DARWINThis French physiologist's experiments on plant cells helped explain the process of osmosis.
DUTROCHETThis English clergyman-scientist pioneered the measurement of both sap flow in plants and blood pressure in animals.
HALESThis 9th-century Persian scholar is regarded as the founder of Arabic botanical science.
DINAWARIThis Danish botanist coined the scientific terms "gene," "genotype," and "phenotype."
JOHANNSENA vivid tropical flowering shrub takes its name from this 16th-century German herbalist.
FUCHSThis French botanist spent years exploring and cataloguing the wild plants of eastern North America.
MICHAUX_ _ _ _ Bartram established the first botanic garden in the American colonies, near Philadelphia.
JOHNThis Scottish botanist named the cell nucleus and saw pollen particles jitter in a random motion later named for him.
BROWNThis German researcher's studies of algae, bacteria, and fungi helped found the science of bacteriology.
COHNThis American plant breeder developed more than 800 new varieties of fruits, flowers, and vegetables.
BURBANK_ _ _ _ _ _ _ Darwin, son of the naturalist Charles, pioneered research into plant hormones and movement.
FRANCISThis British botanist co-authored a monumental survey classifying the world's flowering plant genera.
BENTHAMThis German botanist independently confirmed the laws of heredity around the same time as two other researchers.
CORRENSThis American ethnobotanist studies how indigenous Pacific communities use native plants as medicine.
COXDutch botanist Hugo de _ _ _ _ _ coined the term "mutation" after rediscovering the laws of heredity.
VRIESThis Russian-Italian botanist invented chromatography while separating plant pigments.
TSVET_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Beijerinck helped show, in 1898, that a disease agent could pass through the finest filters -- a virus.
MARTINUSThis Swedish naturalist, a student of Linnaeus, documented plant and animal species across Japan and South Africa.
THUNBERGThis Austrian monk's pea-plant breeding experiments laid the mathematical foundation for modern genetics.
MENDELThis Indian physicist and botanist invented the crescograph, a device that measures how plants respond to stimuli.
BOSEThis German scientist helped establish that all plants are made of cells, a cornerstone of cell theory.
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